PHOTOBIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES ONLINE
PHOTOBIOLOGY is broadly defined to include all biological phenomena
involving non-ionizing radiation. It is recognized that photobiological responses are the result of chemical and/or physical changes induced in biological systems by non-ionizing radiation.
(Constitution of the American Society for Photobiology)
The goals of photobiology are:
(1) To understand the basic mechanisms of photobiology;
this knowledge can then be used to:
(2) Develop ways to control the beneficial effects of light upon our environment;
(3) Promote ways to protect against the detrimental effects of light on biological organisms, including humans; and
(4) Develop photochemical tools and techniques for use in research, medicine,
and industry.
Photobiological Sciences Online (PSO) will continue to grow as new modules are added. Your suggestions for new modules, and your comments on the
existing modules, and on this web page are most welcome.
If you use these modules in a class, please let the Editor know, where, when,
and how many students, and what modules were used.
Show your support for Photobiological Sciences Online,
join the American Society for Photobiology.
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Kendric C. Smith
Editors and Webmasters
Photobiological Sciences Online is listed by the National Library of Medicine:
NLM ID: 101673292 [Book]
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
ISSN 2470-2749
The content of Photobiological Sciences Online is owned by the American Society for Photobiology. Permission is granted, however, to electronically copy and to print in hard copy portions of the web site for the sole purpose of educational use with no financial purpose, provided that no alterations or additions are made to the content.
INTRODUCTION
What is Photobiology?
Kendric C. Smith
A Century of Photobiology
Thomas P. Coohill
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HISTORICAL VIGNETTES IN PHOTOBIOLOGY
Stephen Hales and Sunlight
Dennis Valenzeno
Origin of UV-A, B and C
Fred Urbach
Niels Rydberg Finsen
Dennis Valenzeno
PUVA: An Ancient Remedy?
Dennis Valenzeno
Vision - The Medieval Eye
Clyde W. Oyster
Photosensitization - What Stopped the Wiggling?
Dennis Valenzeno
Bioluminescence - History
John Lee
Is it Really the Jablonski Diagram?
Alexander A. Krasnovsky
Photobiology in Art
Kendric C. Smith
The History of FRET: From Conception Through the Labors of Birth
Robert M. Clegg
Joseph Priestley and the Evolution of Oxygen In Photosynthesis
Thomas M. Brennan
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PHOTOPHYSICS
Basic Photophysics
Antonie J.W.G. Visser and Olaf J. Rolinski
Radiometric Quantities and Units Used in Photobiology (PDF)
David H. Sliney
Nature's Fantastical Palette: Color from Structure
Philip Ball
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SPECTROSCOPY
Basic Spectroscopy
Santi Nonell and Cristiano Viappiani
Biological Action Spectra
Holly L. Gorton
See: Experiments
[ To Table of Contents ]
PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Basic Photochemistry
Kendric C. Smith
Photochemistry: Theoretical Concepts and Reaction Mechanisms
Yuri V. Il'ichev
Glossary of Terms Used in Photochemistry, 3rd Ed. 2006 (PDF)
IUPAC, Silvia E. Braslavsky, Editor
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PHOTOSENSITIZATION
Basic Photosensitization
Nancy L. Oleinick
Determining the Mechanism of Photosensitized Oxidations
Jeffrey R. Kanofsky
Molecular Targets of Photosensitization
Garry R. Buettner
Photosensitization of Subcellular Structures
Terje Christensen
Photosensitization Timelines
See: Experiments
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ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION PHOTOBIOLOGY
Basic Ultraviolet Radiation Photobiology
Kendric C. Smith
History of Ultraviolet Photobiology
Philip E. Hockberger
Bystander Effect Induced by UV Radiation
Maria Widel
Recombinational DNA Repair
Kendric C. Smith
Nucleotide Excision Repair in Human Cells
James E. Cleaver
Photoreactivation
John Jagger
UV Resistance and Photoreactivation of Extremophiles from
High-Altitude Andean Lakes
Virginia H. Albarracín, Wolfgang Gärtner, María E. Farías
DNA Double-Strand Breaks
Kendric C. Smith
DNA-Protein Crosslinks
Kendric C. Smith and Martin D. Shetlar
UV Radiation and Spontaneous Mutagenesis
Kendric C. Smith
See: Experiments
[ To Table of Contents ]
ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOBIOLOGY
Basic Environmental Photobiology
Linda Chalker-Scott
Modeling Leaf Optical Properties
Stéphane Jacquemoud and Susan L. Ustin
Ultraviolet Effects on Phytoplankton
Donat-P. Häder
Photoreactivity of Drugs in vitro and in vivo
Hanne Hjorth Tønnesen and Steven W. Baertschi
Photoprotection of Plants via Optical Screening
Alexei Solovchenko
Report of an NAS/NAE Panel on Biological Impacts of Increased Intensities of
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, 1973
Kendric C. Smith, Chairman
[ To Table of Contents ]
PHOTOMEDICINE
Basic Photomedicine
Ying-Ying Huang, Pawel Mroz and Michael R. Hamblin
Photoimmunology
Faith Strickland
Photosensitizers in Medicine
Kristian Berg
Introduction to Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
David Kessel
Photodynamic Therapy and Signal Transduction
Anatoly B. Uzdensky
Human Photosensitive Diseases of DNA Repair
James E. Cleaver
Melanopsin: A Photopigment Regulating Circadian Photoentrainment May Lead to a
Blue Light-Induced Treatment of Diabetes
Anamika Sengupta
Low-Level Laser or LED Therapy is Phototherapy
Kendric C. Smith
Mechanisms of Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT)
Michael R. Hamblin
Low Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) for Cosmetic Medicine and Dermatology
Mossum K. Sawhney and Michael R. Hamblin
Action Spectra: Their Importance for Low Level Light Therapy
Tiina Karu
Molecular Targets for Low Level Light Therapy
Kendric C. Smith
Light Coherence: Is this Property Important for Photomedicine?
Tiina Karu
[ To Table of Contents ]
NON-VISUAL PHOTORECEPTION
Non-Visual Photoreception in Invertebrates
Carlo Musio and Silvia Santillo
Circadian Rhythm and Human Health
Joan E. Roberts
Molecular Evolution and Functional Diversity of Opsin-Based Photopigments
Takashi Nagata, Mitsumasa Koyanagi and Akihisa Terakita
The Pineal Gland: A Neuroendocrine Transducer of Light Information
Anamika Sengupta and Gianluca Tosini
[ To Table of Contents ]
VISION
Ocular Geometry and Topography
Clyde W. Oyster
Photobiology of the Cornea
Anthony P. Cullen
Photobiology of the Human Lens
Joan E. Roberts
Cataracts
Clyde W. Oyster
Retina: Photoreceptors and Functional Organization
Clyde W. Oyster
Adaptation of Rod Photoreceptors to Light and Dark
Malgorzata Rozanowska
The Visual Cycle: Generation of 11-cis Retinal for Photoreceptors
Rosalie K. Crouch
Light-Induced Damage to the Retina
Malgorzata Rozanowska, Bartosz Rozanowski, Michael Boulton
Photobiology of the Uveal Tract
Dan-Ning Hu
[ To Table of Contents ]
PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS
Basic Photomorphogenesis
James Shinkle
Photoreceptor Mutants for the Study of Photoreceptor Interactions
Keara A. Franklin and James Shinkle
Blue Light Sensing in Plants
John Christie
Photomorphogenesis in Natural Light Environments
Keara A. Franklin and James Shinkle
Photomorphogenic Responses of Plants to UV-B Radiation
Gareth I. Jenkins
[ To Table of Contents ]
PHOTOMOVEMENT
Basic Photomovement
Francesco Lenci
Photomovement of Bacteria and Archaea
Wouter Hoff
Photomovement of Ciliates
Francesco Lenci, Giovanni Checcucci, Antonella Sgarbossa
Confocal Microscopy of Ciliated Protozoa
Giuliano Colombetti, Giovanni Checcucci, Paolo Bianchini
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Basic Photosynthesis
Thomas M. Brennan
Photosynthesis Timelines
Thomas M. Brennan
Photosynthetic Reaction Centers
Charles Yocum
Oxygen Evolution
Charles Yocum
Light and Chloroplast Enzyme Activity
Peter Schürmann
Systems Biology of Photosynthesis
Xin-Guang Zhu
Bacterial Photosynthesis
Michael R. Jones
Phytochrome Photoreceptors In Cyanobacteria
The Impact Of Light Quality On Phycobilisome Biosynthesis
Arthur R. Grossman and Devaki Bhaya
Applied Photosynthesis for Biofuels Production
Mike Seibert
[ To Table of Contents ]
BIOLUMINESCENCE
Basic Bioluminescence
John Lee
Bioluminescence Timelines
John Lee
Chemistry of Firefly Bioluminescence
Bruce R. Branchini
Terrestrial Bioluminescence
Vadim R. Viviani
Bacterial Bioluminescence: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Leo Yen-Cheng Lin and Edward A. Meighen
Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence and its Circadian Regulation
J. Woodland Hastings
The Diversity of Light-Producing Marine Organisms
Steven H.D. Haddock
Structure and Spectra in Bioluminescence
John Lee and Eugene S. Vysotski
Green Fluorescent Protein: A Molecular Microscope
Marc Zimmer
Applications of Bioluminescence: Cell Based Assays and Imaging
Yoshihiro Ohmiya
Analytical Applications of Luminous Bacteria Enzymes
Valentina Kratasyuk and Elena Esimbekova
See: Experiments
[ To Table of Contents ]